WHO. Guidelines for the screening, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis C infection. USA: World Health Organization; 2018.
Lanini S, Easterbrook PJ, Zumla A, Ippolito G. Hepatitis C: global epidemiology and strategies for control. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22(10): 833-8.
Alavian SM, Gholami B, Masarrat S. Hepatitis C risk factors in Iranian volunteer blood donors: A case-control study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17(10): 1092-7.
Kasraian L, Tavassoli A. Prevalence of hepatitis C and its risk factors in blood donors at Shiraz transfusion center. Koomesh 2008; 10(1): 7-12. [Article in Farsi]
Rezaei N, Amini-Kafiabad S, Maghsudlu M, Abolghasemi H. Risk factor analysis of hepatitis C virus seropositivity in Iranian blood donors: a case-control study. Transfusion 2016; 56(7): 1891-8.
Vossoughinia H, Taghi Shakeri M, Mokhtari Amirmajdi E, Abedini S. Risk Factors for Hepatitis B and C in 400 Blood Donor Volunteers in Mashhad During 2003-2007: A Case-control Study. The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2010; 15(4): 68-75. [Article in Farsi]
Ghaderi-Zefrehi H, Gholami-Fesharaki M, Sharafi H, Sadeghi F, Alavian SM. The distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Middle Eastern countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepat Mon 2016; 16(9): e 40357.
Stapleton JT, et al. Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource. Hepatology 2014; 59(1): 318-27.
Gower E, Estes C, Blach S, Razavi-Shearer K, Razavi H. Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2014; 61(1 Suppl): S45-57.
Messina JP, Humphreys I, Flaxman A, Brown A, Cooke GS, Pybus OG, et al. Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology 2015; 61(1): 77-87.
Khodabandehloo M, Roshani D. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Iranian patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepat Mon 2014; 14(12): e22915.
Sadeghi F, Salehi-Vaziri M, Almasi-Hashiani A, Gholami-Fesharaki M, Pakzad R, Alavian SM. Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes Among Patients in Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office of WHO (EMRO): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hepat Mon 2016; 16(4): e35558.
Sali S, Alavian S, Alavi I, Laali A. Chronic Hepatitis C, Genotyping, Metabolic Status and Body Mass Index in Iranian Population. J Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2(1): 3.
Nakano T, Lu L, Liu P, Pybus OG. Viral gene sequences reveal the variable history of hepatitis C virus infection among countries. J Infect Dis 2004; 190(6): 1098-108.
Li HC, Lo SY. Hepatitis C virus: Virology, diagnosis and treatment. World J Hepatol 2015; 7(10): 1377-89.
Murphy DG, Willems B, Deschênes M, Hilzenrat N, Mousseau R, Sabbah S. Use of sequence analysis of the NS5B region for routine genotyping of hepatitis C virus with reference to C/E1 and 5′ untranslated region sequences. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45(4): 1102-12.
Dirani G, Paesini E, Mascetra E, Farabegoli P, Dalmo
B, Bartolini B, et al. A novel next generation sequencing assay as an alternative to currently available methods for hepatitis C virus genotyping. J Virol Methods 2018; 251: 88-91.
Cantaloube JF, Laperche S, Gallian P, Bouchardeau F, de Lamballerie X, de Micco P. Analysis of the 5′ noncoding region versus the NS5b region in genotyping hepatitis C virus isolates from blood donors in France. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44(6): 2051-6.
Jacka B, Lamoury F, Simmonds P, Dore GJ, Grebely J, Applegate T. Sequencing of the hepatitis C virus: a systematic review. PloS One 2013; 8(6): e67073.
Leparc GF. Safety of the Blood Supply. Cancer Control 2015; 22(1): 7-15.
Hnatyszyn HJ. Chronic hepatitis C and genotyping: the clinical significance of determining HCV genotypes. Antivir Ther 2005; 10(1): 1-11.
Sandres-Saune K, Deny P, Pasquier C, Thibaut V, Duverlie G, Izopet J. Determining hepatitis C genotype by analyzing the sequence of the NS5b region. J Virol Methods 2003; 109(2): 187-93.
Jukes TH, Cantor CR. Evolution of protein molecules. Mammalian protein metabolism III. New York: Academic Press; 1969. p. 21-132.
Sharifi Z, Shooshtari MM, Kermani FR. Identification of HCV genotypes in HCV infected blood donors. Indian J Microbiol 2010; 50(3): 275-9.
Sefidi FJ, Keyvani H, Monavari SH, Alavian SM, Fakhim S, Bokharaei-Salim F. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Iranian chronic infected patients. Hepat Mon 2013; 13(1): e7991.
Mahmud S, Al-Kanaani Z, Chemaitelly H, Chaabna K, Kouyoumjian SP, Abu-Raddad LJ. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in the Middle East and North Africa: Distribution, diversity, and patterns. J Med Virol 2018; 90(1): 131-41.
Pawlotsky JM, Tsakiris L, Roudot-Thoraval F, Pellet C, Stuyver L, Duval J, et al. Relationship between hepatitis C virus genotypes and sources of infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Infect Dis 1995; 171(6): 1607-10.
Samimi-Rad K, Toosi MN, Masoudi-nejad A, Najafi A, Rahimnia R, Asgari F, et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus among injection drug users in Iran: a slight change in prevalence of HCV genotypes over time. Arch Virol 2012; 157(10): 1959-65.
Kermani FR, Sharifi Z, Ferdowsian F, Paz Z, Zamanian M. Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes Among Chronic Infected Inject-ing Drug Users in Tehran, Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2013; 6(3): 265-8.
Roman F, Hawotte K, Struck D, Ternes AM, Servais JY, Arendt V, et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes distribution and transmission risk factors in Luxembourg from 1991 to 2006. World J Gastroenterol
2008; 14(8): 1237-43.
Bourliere M, Barberin J, Rotily M, Guagliardo V, Portal I, Lecomte L, et al. Epidemiological changes in hepatitis C virus genotypes in France: evidence in intravenous drug users. J Viral Hepat 2002; 9(1): 62-70.
Dal Molin G, Ansaldi F, Biagi C, D'Agaro P, Comar M, Croce L, et al. Changing molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Northeast Italy. J Med Virol 2002; 68(3): 352-6.
Cantaloube JF, Gallian P, Attoui H, Biagini P, De Micco P, de Lamballerie X. Genotype distribution and molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in blood donors from southeast France. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(8): 3624-9.
Van De Laar TJ, Koppelman MH, Van Der Bij AK, Zaaijer HL, Cuijpers HTM, Van Der Poel CL, et al. Diversity and origin of hepatitis C virus infection among unpaid blood donors in the Netherlands. Transfusion 2006; 46(10): 1719-28.
Chlabicz S, Flisiak R, Kowalczuk O, Grzeszczuk A, Pytel-Krolczuk B, Prokopowicz D, et al. Changing HCV genotypes distribution in Poland--relation to source and time of infection. J Clin Virol 2008; 42(2): 156-9.
Esteban JI, Sauleda S, Quer J. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Europe. J Hepatol 2008; 48(1): 148-62.
Fernández DA, Iglesias MJF, Pujolràs MB, Nuñez CL, Matamala IS, Molés XQ, et al. Changes in the epidemiology and distribution of the hepatitis C virus genotypes in North-Eastern Spain over the last 35 years. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 41(1): 2-11.
Zhou Y, Wang X, Mao Q, Fan Y, Zhu Y, Zhang X, et al. Changes in modes of hepatitis C infection acquisition and genotypes in southwest China. J Clin Virol 2009; 46(3): 230-3.
Toyoda H, Kumada T, Takaguchi K, Shimada N, Tanaka J. Changes in hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Japan. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142(12): 2624-8.
Chen W, Liao B, Hu F, Nie J, Lan Y, Li H, et al. Changing Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype among Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection in China. PloS One 2016; 11(9): e0161844.
Li W, Xi L, Cai Q, Kang Y, Zeng Q, Ding R, et al. Changes in the distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes and their association with shifts in transmission routes in Henan, China. J Public Health 2018; 26: 157-62.
Butt S, Idrees M, Akbar H, ur Rehman I, Awan Z, Afzal S, et al. The changing epidemiology pattern and frequency distribution of hepatitis C virus in Pakistan. Infect Genet Evol 2010; 10(5): 595-600.
Afridi SQ, Khan N, Akmal M, Ali S, Attaullah S, Bahadar S, et al. Distribution of HCV Genotypes and RNA Viral Load Along with Hemato-Biochemical Analysis of HCV Patients in Rahim Yar Khan, Okara and Toba Tek Singh Districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Hepat Mon 2017; 17(7): e58442.
Hosseini - Moghaddam SM, Keyvani H, Kasiri H,
Kazemeyni SM, Basiri A, Aghel N, et al. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among hemodialysis patients in Tehran--a multicenter study. J Med Virol 2006; 78(5): 569-73.
Samimi-rad K, Shahbaz B. Hepatitis C virus genotypes among patients with thalassemia and inherited bleeding disorders in Markazi province, Iran. Haemophilia 2007; 13(2): 156-63.
Alavian SM, Miri SM, Keshvari M, Elizee PK, Behnava B, Tabatabaei SV, et al. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotype in Iranian multiply transfused patients with thalassemia. Transfusion 2009; 49(10): 2195-9.
Sci J Iran Blood Transfus Organ 2020;17(1): 1-11
Original Article
Update on HCV genotypes among Iranian blood donors Ranjbar Kermani F.1, Amini Kafi-Abad S.1, Mousavi Hosseini K.1, Maghsudlu M.1, Sharifi Z.1 1Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran Abstract Background and Objectives
Hepatitis C (HCV) infection is one of the main causes of chronic hepatitis diseases all over the world. HCV is a transfusion transmitted virus and a serious threat to general health. HCV genotyping has an important role in tracing routes of infection. This study aimed at investigating the changes in distribution pattern of HCV genotypes among Iranian blood donors.
Materials and Methods
In this cross sectional study, 239 HCV confirmed blood donors from Jun. 2015 to Nov. 2017 were included. Semi nested PCR method was used for amplifying the NS5B region of HCV genome. PCR products were sequenced and HCVgenotypes were determined by searching the sequences in Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Phylogenetic tree was constructed to confirm HCV genotypes. STATA 13 software was used for data analysis.
Results
In 106 (44.35% ± 6.3%) out of 239 participants, HCV genotype was determined and confirmed. In phylogenetic tree, studied sequences formed three separated clusters. Genotype 3a, 1a and 1b were the common genotypes.
Conclusions
It seems that molecular epidemiology of HCV infection did not change based on variability of genotypes but changes in the frequency of genotypes have been occurred as a result of replacement of genotype 1a by genotype 3a during the last decade among Iranian blood donors.
Key words: Hepatitis C, Genotype, Blood Donors
Received: 25 Aug 2019 Accepted: 23 Nov 2019
Correspondence: Amini Kafi-Abad S., MD. Pathologist. Associate Professor of Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine.
P.O.Box: 14665-1157, Tehran, Iran. Tel: (+9821) 88601558; Fax: (+9821) 88601542
E-mail: s.amini@ibto.ir